Best Gardening Shears & Scissors
Fiskars Softouch Micro-Tip Pruning Snip makes deadheading, trimming and shaping plants easy — so easy, it’s earned the Arthritis Foundation Ease-of-Use Commendation. Awarded the Arthritis Foundation Ease-of-Use Commendation for a design that is easy-to-use for people with arthritis or limited hand strength.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"The spring is made of some chap metal, and I have three pairs now, that need new springs. I clean and oil the blades, hinge, and spring when not in use, and I've only gotten 1 harvest season of use before the springs broke."
"I have 2 pair."
"They maintain their sharp edge but occasionally the lock jams because it loosens over abit - but that takes a long time of hard use to get to that point."
"The blades are extremely sharp and make dead-heading the roses almost effortless (in fact I would caution the unknowing user to handle this little bad-boy with care as I just barely nicked my finger with it while pruning and drew blood)!"
"Smooth spring action, and a neat little rubber tip to keep you from gouging a hole in your arm when putting them away."
"They easily fit in those small tight areas making certain you cut only what you intended."
"These micro-snips are amazing for trimming my indoor oregano garden."
"I was trying these out and was reaching under some tall grass to remove some unwanted growth and ended up poking my finger with the pointy end of the blade."
A fully hardened, precision-ground steel blade stays sharp longer, and a rust-resistant, low-friction coating makes cutting easier. Shears feature an ambidextrous lock, sap groove, enclosed spring, and dual layer comfort grips.
Fiskars is a global company with manufacturing locations all over the world, including several places in the US. Low-friction coating helps blade glide through wood, prevents the blades from gumming up with sap and debris and helps the blades resist rust.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"This is our second pair of these shears in a year."
"This was a great price on these Fiskars shears."
"Pros: Good size, cuts well, easy to use, locking mechanism, does its job, grippy. Cons: Sharp end was bent in a few places, not aesthetically good looking in some ways. Rating: 6.5/10."
"Less wonderful than I'd expect for the brand."
"I had to open them up and repair them, and don't have time to do this every time I use them, which appears will be the case."
"First time I used it, I was clipping some tree branches that were less than half inch diameter, and the blade got so bent that I had to return it."
"The rest just bends the branches and takes way too much effort to figure out why only half the blade surface actually cuts."
"In its first use, cutting off small pencil-sized suckers from a fruit tree, the blade and guard did not line up, and the blade caught on and was nicked by the lower guard, ruining the sharp edge."
4 Different Seeds Packaged in Seed-safe Vials These moisture-proof vials provide best storage for seeds to ensure proper germination. 1 Comprehensive Instruction Booklet A most complete, detailed and beautifully-designed printed booklet included in each kit. 🌳 EVERYTHING NEEDED TO GROW 4 BEAUTIFUL BONSAI TREES - IN ONE SLEEK BOX: Contains 4 types of organic seeds (Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine, Black Poui, Norway Spruce, and Flame Tree) stored in seed-safe vials for better germination, 4 biodegradable growing pots, 4 expanding-soil discs, 4 bamboo plant markers, 1 bonsai clipper and a beautiful, comprehensive and simple instruction booklet. The included booklet is comprehensive and beautifully designed so that you can follow along on the journey of each seed, its history, and the best way to plant it to ensure it germinates.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I refuse to sacrifice a finger to give a review on the ability of these clippers. The Black Poui, a South American Tree with blue flowers, and the Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine. They also gave me a tip I should've thought of in growing my trees, as I love to cook. The day after watering, if the toothpick comes back changed from the soil, you have enough moisture for your seeds to germinate. I have to admit, I have been growing some succulents as of late, and this advice put me back on the right track. Added a pic of my Rocky Mountain Pine Cones that are starting to grow."
"Clear instructions."
"Currently in the Soaking stage so I'll update as it goes on."
"This is nice starter kit."
"Great kit."
"Awesome kit."
"I planted 2 seeds so far and the detailed instructions helped me get started and they look like they will help me maintain each tree."
"Nice kit we will see how they grow."
Best Hedge Clippers & Shears
Tabor Tools - Just What You Needed for Your Garden Tabor Tools is a growing global supplier of Gardening & Outdoor products. With decades of experience in gardening tool design and innovation, Tabor Tools has become the preferred choice for the skilled professional and gardening enthusiasts. Agriculturists, arborists, gardeners, landscaping, irrigation and construction professionals count on Tabor Tools for high-quality performance tools that work as hard as they do. You will immediately adopt our B212 Hedge Shear s as one of your favorite gardening tools! Tabor B-212 Hedge Shears feature extendable lever handles making high, towering hedges and hard-to-reach cuts easy. Healthy Shrubs. The hedge shears provide maximum cutting performance and the precision cuts of this tool will preserve your plant’s health. STRONG TELESCOPIC HANDLES This hedge trimmer is the ideal tool for trimming and shaping your shrubs and decorative topiary plants. Every cut will be a joyful experience and your shrubs will grow back nicely: don’t hack away at your beautiful bushes with powered hedge trimmers! You can count on these clippers to deliver superior, long lasting performance and great results. FREE GIFT: Order today, and get a wealth of pruning tips and tricks along with our follow up on your purchase.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"And both Martyn and Korrina in customer support emailed me to let me know, that, if needed, they would be there to assist. I recommend these to the person who actually ENJOYS working in the yard."
"They are light enough for me, an average sized woman, to use, yet large enough to complete the job in good time."
"These are great hedge shears; I bought them to use where I cannot lift my gasoline powered clippers on my taller shrubs."
"Works great on bushes and hedges."
"I would buy from this seller again."
"Doing the job of cutting down Thistles, ornamental grass, and, flowering bushes."
"The picture doesn't show correctly the shears, the blades are narrower and longer."
"These shears are wonderful: lightweight enough to not weigh you down but incredibly sharp."
Best Hand Pruners
The Felco Classic Pruner for Smaller Hands has a comfortable, light, sturdy handle made of forged aluminum with a limited lifetime guarantee. Ideal pruner for small pruning work such as grape vines, shrubs, and young trees.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"Essentially, if you hold your hands as if to grip imaginary clippers, as wide as you can, if this gap measures less than 4", there is no way you're going to be able to open/close these clippers fully with gloves on. They barely fit my hands bare, and with gardening gloves, I have to adjust my grip so my middle, longer, finger is doing the closing action."
"I love these pruners."
"I bought this second pair to keep in my dog grooming kit, they are perfect for clipping big hard canine toenails."
"The first time I used them, I was impressed."
"This is the BEST brand of garden shears I have found."
"You can definitely tell the difference between a cheap pair of pruners and this item."
"I have bought so many disappointing pruners made in Asia."
"Sharp, ergonomic, and easy to handle."
Best Gardening Scissors
: GPPS-1002. - Bladder Material: Ultra-fine Polishing Technology. - Handle Material: Aluminum+PVC. - HRC:52±1 Designs and Features - Quality blade made of Ultra-fine Polishing Technology. How to choose the right garden pruner, Bypass or Anvil? With a bypass cutting tool, you draw a curved or straight blade past another blade — this creates a scissor-like motion that works well for cutting live green plants. Pruners can cut up to 3/4" diameter size tree branches.This may vary depending on tree species.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I have these bushes along my fences and they are unsightly and I don't like them. The problem is they are intertwined in my fence so you need a good set of pruning shears to get in there and get it done."
"I tested branches up to 1 inch thick as the shears advertised being able to cut through easily. The easiest way to cut through the branch was to hold the shears at a 45° angle, then make your cut. This is much easier and more efficient than putting the shears straight across the branch. It is recommended to keep your shears well oiled after use before you put them away."
"It is winter now great time to cut it prepare for spring."
"I like these shears."
"I've only used these shears twice as our season is almost over."
"I like to do gardening work."
"I was amazed at how easily they were able to cut through some pretty think branches."
"I have recently began working in my garden a bit and wanted some basic tools."
Best Gardening Saws
Silky’s large, multipurpose BIGBOY saw is every outdoor worker’s dream – exceptional design, strength, balance and superior finish quality. BIGBOY’s design utilizes Silky’s MIRAI-ME Tooth Technology that delivers fast cutting action and long blade life. Suitable for cutting green or dried hardwood, the multipurpose folding saw has a 14-1/5" curved blade for a greater reach. The long well-balanced taper-ground blade with impulse-hardened non-set tooth design provides extended working reach, faster cutting and effortless handling of large limbs and small trunks. Long well-balanced taper-ground blade with impulse-hardened non-set tooth design provides extended working reach, faster cutting and handles large limbs and small trunks with no effort. Product applications include pruning & trimming, lawn & garden, construction.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I use the Bigboy to cut up branches that were brought down by the pole saw. So in the long run, unless you are Paul Bunyan or something, a chain saw is more efficient. For me, the joy of not hearing the load sound of the chain saw and not dealing with the stinky two-stroke motor and gasoline far out weighs the fatigue factor."
"So after reading seven- reviews they all said the same thing about the flimsy blade so I put this to the test for the weekend and I've come to realize that the blade is flimsy but it does not affect the cut process if you're using the saw correctly."
"But I wanted something Powerful but far easier to carry around in my pack on trips. outdoors, survival pack, etc."
"The Sugoi doesn't fold, but its blade is a bit longer, and has more a of a curved shape. I'm going to try to put the Sugoi blade on this folding BigBoy grip."
"I would advise getting the sheath as the blade does not lock when close."
"I purchased this saw and the Katanaboy 650 for camping, 4 wheeling, and clearing trails."
"So far I've trimmed trees, cut up firewood, and cut up downed limbs from our oak trees."
"This Silky has teeth like a shark that are razor sharp and rip through wood like a hot knife through butter."
Best Gardening Axes
Advanced bevel convex blade geometry adds power and makes the blade easier to remove from wood.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I know I have reviewed this before, its just every time I use this Axe I like it more and more, anyway to I did a quickie unedited video of me splitting a few rounds, I have split Doug Fur, Aspen, Walnut and Hickory, some rounds take several hits, and is still 1/2 the work of using wedges and mauls..."
"The antique on the left can be thought of as a dull cutting axe with a broad elliptical cross section. Apparently a clone of the True Temper Sledge Eye here on Amazon, it is dull and heavy with an aggressively tapered head. The Fiskars apparently seeks to bridge the gap between these two approaches with its heavy yet razor sharp continuous wedge design. To insure not getting my hand broken, I have to hold it loosely at completion, resulting in a swing akin to throwing the ax into the wood. What garners the four stars is that the Fiskars is rugged, and I don't imagine breaking the head off for some time, if ever."
"These are hard, edge-holding steel wood cutters AXES. I love the heft, balance, design, grip and impressive durability."
"This ase is awesome."
"Here are my reasons for buying it: I do not own a wood stove, but I have had a number of large trees fall in the yard over the years. However, I do have a fire pit and thought it would be great to start splitting some of these pieces into a size that would burn easier and would be more manageable. I could not justify a power splitter because, as I mentioned, I do not heat using a wood stove, and I thought using this ax would be good exercise. The number of positive reviews on amazon and YouTube convinced me to buy this particular splitting ax. If you do find that you need to make a full swing, the handle is very long and the head is lighter than a maul; so, you can generate a lot of acceleration resulting in tremendous force. The shape and texture at the end of the handle makes for an easy firm grip too, even with gloves on. The blade is sharp and has held its edge well, but it would clearly chip if hit into gravel or an unexpected very hard surface or material."
"Temp was below freezing... maybe it is more brittle in the cold?"
Best Gardening Picks
Truper 31614, TP-5F, 5-pound Pick Mattock, With 36-Inch Fiberglass Handle, 36-Inch 5-pound, pick / mattock head combo. Picks through hard pan soil, cuts small shrub roots, chews up stubborn soil.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"Meaning, of course, that using a pick axe is lots of work. When a pick axe is the right tool, it is less work than anything else--any wrong tool."
"it held up pretty good, price is about the same if you were going to purchase one from home depot but with Amazon prime i don't have to deal with the lines and had it delivered to my house."
"If I bought it again I would probably buy the version with the lighter head."
"The one I got is the 2.5 pound pick mattock with fiberglass handle. At the time I bought it, the fiberglass was only about four bucks more than the wooden handled model; seems worth the upgrade. Also, fiberglass is slightly heavier than wood (as anyone who owns a fiberglass ladder knows), making the 2.5 pound model ideal in weight for use. My model has a black head despite the photo having a silver head. If I don't update this review with complaints, know that it's working out for me. If the head chips, slides off, breaks, if the handle splinters, the rubber grips get loose, blah blah, I'll update this review and slaughter this product. I will say, the fiberglass handle actually burns my sliding hand as I’m chopping downward; the non-dominant use hand burns across the fiberglass shaft, and I never experienced this with a wooden handled tool."
"nice but bent the blade after a couple of hard days of using it."
"Amazing unit and the price was right."
"Another great tool that has improved over the old age stuff."
"Just like a double bladed ax, I love the feel of this mattock as I slam it into the dirt."
Best Gardening Machetes
![Gerber Bear Grylls Parang Machete [31-002289]](https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/4197YjvsrsL._SS600_.jpg)
Robust high carbon steel blade, enhances strength, corrosion resistance and easy to sharpen.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"My boy put it to work on an aspen that the wind pushed over in my yard."
"It is good, but I would prefer a different handle."
"Nice and sharp when it was new."
"Great machete."
"I used this machete to take down a half acre jungle of inch thick blackberry bushes and three inch saplings."
"This design is good for both hacking brush but the curve also makes it better for defense purposes - more chance to make contact throughout the range of your swing."
"I initially liked the machete due to its size and weight distribution. I figure either the customer service is inept or they are aware of problems with the full size machete."
"Word to the wise: open the package right away, so you can see if some dunderhead included the wrong sheath on yours too."
Best Garden Hoes
Each of Prohoe's tools are individually hand crafted right here in the USA. The tool "head" is custom created from recycled agricultural disc blades --a high grade tempered steel that is both strong and has a great ability to hold an edge, so you don't have to waste time sharpening your tools. Rogue tools will make your job easier and last a lifetime guaranteed. So ORDER YOURS TODAY and experience the quality of custom American made hoes that last a lifetime. DIRT DIGGING MACHINE - This 5.75 inch wide tempered steel garden hoe packs a wallop, capable of easily busting open new ground or turning over dirt in your rows.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I can reach far under trees and stuff to get to those stubborn weeds (rather than crawling on the ground with a hand tool). Established plants with thick roots like clover and alfalfa are very resistant to this tool. For dandelions mixed into tough grass turf, this tool is a little fatiguing to do the push-pull thing to get them out one at a time. The pointy tip made it easier to get under the rocks, dig through the weeds, and rake everything back with the other end of the 65 VW. The VW is going to sort of plow the ground like you're going to plant stuff, or you can use the wider end to make a flatter cut."
"In need of a replacement, I looked at the usual big box stores, but reviews I read all said the handles or the welds broke pretty quickly on the mostly Chinese made stuff, so I did a Google search and stumbled across Rogue Hoe. I'd planned to put down a thick layer of mulch today to hopefully smother the weeds while they are damaged and cut below ground at the roots, but alas, it's supposed to rain almost every day for the next two weeks, so I'll likely get to used it again before I can get the mulch put in."
"It also doesn't weigh a lot which is good for me because I use it at a community garden and I have a long difficult walk to get to my plot."
"This is a wonderful hoe."
"I never used anything other than a regular garden hoe that you would find at any hardware store until I came across these slimmer, sharper Rogue hoes."
"Weeding in a wheelchair or scooching around in the dirt is a pain."
"The blade is sharp and keeps an edge so you won't have to hack as hard, and the handle is long enough you won't get a backache leaning over."
"the head is all one solid piece with not weld unlike the cheaper goose neck hoes i have used in the past."
Best Cultivators & Tillers
Since the 1600's, the most essential of garden tools have remained basically the same, Classic has a complete offering of these traditional tools with handcrafted quality for years of gardening success.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I was worried that it would be too bulky and heavy for me, but I just hold it farther up on the handle if my arm starts getting tired."
"I love this gardening tool - it's well balanced, incredibly useful and the handle fits snugly into a piece of PVC pipe for large areas where standing instead of kneeling works best."
"Its design is great for breaking up hard soil and removing rocks."
"This is a very useful and highly sturdy garden tool."
"I used this tool to help clear and replant 2 large garden beds that were full of roots and clumps of clay and soil."
"The weight is perfect for swinging or gentle digging/clawing, the blades and points are sharp (seriously, folks), and the handle is solid with a comfortable grip."
"I do use this tool hard sometimes digging out rocks."
"I have used the garden weasel for years to break-up the dirt in the spring to get ready to plant."
Best Soil Test Kits
The rapitest Soil Test Kit continues to be the standard for home soil testing. Innovative and inexpensive soil test kit features an easy-to-use capsule system and patented color comparators.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"Essentially, you place the directed amount of soil/water mixture into each vial, and add the contents of the corresponding color-coded capsule. This is how you know where your soil stands as far as pH, N, P and K. I've seen some reviews on here saying it's "impossible" to empty the capsules into the vials because they're too small. It doesn't give you an exact number or anything, but any time I've shown low on something, I amended the soil and a few days later it tested fine and the plants looked healthier. My only complaint is that the vials can be knocked over easily as they have an oddly poor center of gravity. But, when you're filling them or trying to empty the capsule into them, it's pretty easy to knock them over and that's just a big bag of bollox."
"The County Agent's report covered 6 or 8 more things such as borax, aluminum, and calcium. In the fifties and sixties, we just assumed the soil would need lime each year; it was acid. I purchased the full test set as well as this one so that I could do more frequent PH tests and in more places such as around shrubs, bushes, and trees, especially fruiting trees and bushes."
"So I done another test, only adding a few drops of lemon juice to the pH test chamber, and a solution of uria (48-0-0) to the N test chamber instead of soil water, and after some good shaking, the pH was yellow and the N was purpule, I have attached a picture and you can see for yourself."
Best Hand Edgers
Truper relies on the most advanced modern and efficient technology to guarantee the optimum quality and value of its products and demanding service needs of the company's global customers. The visual appeal is highlighted by clear-coated gray-steel finished heads, steel collars, lacquered ash handles and heavy duty D-grips. 48-inch north american ash, lacquered handle for strength and durability.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"Slowly go back and forth on the edge (in one place) with a bit of downward pressure. This will create a grove for the blades to move freely, create a sharp line and prevent underground vines from creeping."
"I had to move the edger back and forth multiple times in order to get a clean edge."
"I had one just like it when I lived in Houston and I was always proud of my neat curbs and driveway."
"I am 6 foor 4 inches tall, and I wish the handle was a foot longer, as others have said."
"My lawn is so nearly edged now, I love this thing."
"Used this manual edger for the first time on my concrete driveway and one of the tines bent completely over the wheel."
"He described this type of edger is the one he wanted and I could not find it in any of the big stores but found it on Amazon."
"This tool works very well and does a good job of edging the lawn."
Best Manual Weeders
The long, sturdy, lightweight aluminum shaft reduces bending, back strain, and kneeling and the four durable stainless steel claws are serrated to grab and remove the weeds - root and all. Enter your model number to make sure this fits.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"My advice would be, to either WAIT for it to rain, or wet your yard REALLY REALLY GOOD, then go out there and weed."
"My yard was full of weeds from the last owner, and I filled two buckets full of weeds with this thing in 20 minutes."
"It successfully yanked up large-rooted weeds in my lawn area, in a bare soil area and in a section covered in wood chips (although the wood chips proved harder to remove from the tines)."
"It gets a good grip on that root and you can pull it out then open the jaws directly into the compost bin without touching that meanie. Be careful on rocky soil though- I broke my last one by picking up some rocks with the weed and then applying enough leverage that it bent the forks in a way where it gets stuck."
"This motion, similar to the pump action of a shot gun, throws the weed away from you, or towards a hiding 6 year old, if that is your OP FOR this mission. Before you gun toting landscapers correct me I know the pump on a shotgun dis charges and reloads and this won't do that."
"I wish it were sturdier, but I'm shipping the broken parts back to amazon."
"We have a pernicious weed in Texas called Dallis grass (no connection to the city.). Mine literally broke in two, despite the ground being pretty soft following recent rains."
Best Post Hole Diggers
Discover The Great Secret Of Gardening; Healthy Soil! – Our premium soil tester saves you both precious time and money, by helping you maintain your soil and, consequently, your garden or lawn in tip-top condition! No need for batteries or preparation; you simply plug our soil tester in the soil area you want to check and instantly get an accurate and precise reading!
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I’ve used soil meters that made me pretty skeptical of their accuracy when taking them to extremely different areas in my extensive garden, and getting almost identical readings. The moisture and light readings chart on the back of the package is focused almost solely on flowers and shrubs. I’ve uploaded some photos to show clearly the differences in readings in 1) my raised bed, next to marigolds and just prepared for winter vegetables."
"It would have been really great if you had swapped the soil moisture scale and the pH scales."
"I couldn't read my ph until it was practically entirely pushed into the soil, so for the longest time I thought I had a PH of 7.5 until I really pushed it all the way down and it moved to 5."
"Confirmed in a matter of seconds that my soil is way to alkaline for the trees that the previous owner planted."
"I use to overwater because the top of the soil feels dry but after you insert the soil meter you will find the bottom is still wet and no need to water."
"lost the last one in the flood and this is a improved version over the one we had."
"This thing actually works."
"This is a great product."
Best Bonsai Tools
4 Different Seeds Packaged in Seed-safe Vials These moisture-proof vials provide best storage for seeds to ensure proper germination. 1 Comprehensive Instruction Booklet A most complete, detailed and beautifully-designed printed booklet included in each kit. 🌳 EVERYTHING NEEDED TO GROW 4 BEAUTIFUL BONSAI TREES - IN ONE SLEEK BOX: Contains 4 types of organic seeds (Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine, Black Poui, Norway Spruce, and Flame Tree) stored in seed-safe vials for better germination, 4 biodegradable growing pots, 4 expanding-soil discs, 4 bamboo plant markers, 1 bonsai clipper and a beautiful, comprehensive and simple instruction booklet. The included booklet is comprehensive and beautifully designed so that you can follow along on the journey of each seed, its history, and the best way to plant it to ensure it germinates.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"I refuse to sacrifice a finger to give a review on the ability of these clippers. The Black Poui, a South American Tree with blue flowers, and the Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine. They also gave me a tip I should've thought of in growing my trees, as I love to cook. The day after watering, if the toothpick comes back changed from the soil, you have enough moisture for your seeds to germinate. I have to admit, I have been growing some succulents as of late, and this advice put me back on the right track. Added a pic of my Rocky Mountain Pine Cones that are starting to grow."
"Well its been about 2 weeks and i have my first little baby popping up."
"Really great quality, the manual is extremely helpful (includes info about each tree type and tips for planting, to increase odds of germination)."
"Currently in the Soaking stage so I'll update as it goes on."
"This is nice starter kit."
"Great kit."
"Awesome kit."
"I planted 2 seeds so far and the detailed instructions helped me get started and they look like they will help me maintain each tree."
Best Pitchforks
A lush and verdant lawn needs the right amount of air and water penetration to allow essential nutrients to enter the soil, and fortify the grass roots. PROFESSIONAL GRADE AERATION – Abcosport Lawn Aerator Shoes make it extremely easy to achieve the necessary aeration of soil yourselves for a way greener, healthier and more beautiful lawn. Once installed the lawn aeration shoes can be strapped over any of your strong shoes, making you ready even for the most difficult to reach areas of your lawn.
Reviews
Find Best Price at Amazon"They seem to be incredibly high quality for the price: the plastic bases are sturdy, the strapping and buckles are tough, and the spikes punched through with no issues."
"awkward, a bit time consuming to assemble but...... for the price and considering other options, they work as advertised and would buy them again."
"Fits a shoes size up to about a 10-11 man."
"My problem is with the straps that work loose after a short time when in use."
"I walked the entire lawn last weekend and with a lot of water have seen some improvement in our lawn."
"Really helps create a beautiful lawn."
"Great for aerating the lawn, just wish that the straps were made a little bit better."
"I mixed up one of the straps as I did no realize the heal straps were longer than the toe straps...I suppose it makes."